Fixed Income Weekly

Rates rose significantly in a week dominated by poor Treasury auctions and public statements by Ben Bernanke and other Fed officials. The yield on the two-year finished the week 6 basis points higher at 1.05%, while the yield on the ten-year rose 16 basis points to yield 3.85%. The broad bond market was down .51% for the week. US credit followed stocks higher while MBS held steady ahead of next week’s end to the Fed’s mortgage purchases.

I have spoken a lot about yields being stuck in a range for the past 15 months or so, and much of the same is likely to persist until the market senses that the Fed is closer to the removal of emergency levels of liquidity. The graphs below show the current range for the 2-year and the 10-year.


The 2-year and 10-year are in two different places within their ranges. The ten-year sits at the top of its range while the 2-year is more in the middle. As a result we now have record levels of steepness and liquidity is still being heavily favored in the market as investors continue to guard against rising rates. Despite differing greatly now, 2 and 10 year yields are set to converge as the Fed begins to reverse monetary policy. This isn’t a revolutionary view. Short term rates stand to move higher when the Fed tightens, and long term rates may actually come down depending on how the market views the Fed’s stance on inflation. Right now, the Fed isn’t even considering inflation as an issue, which could prove troublesome if they aren’t able to recognize the effects of their policy soon enough. Inflation expectations according to breakeven yields on 10-year TIPS are holding steady at around 2.25%, essentially unchanged since the beginning of this year.

I’m not saying the current position of rates is unjustified. In my opinion it makes sense for rates to be where they are. Bernanke commented briefly this week on the meaning of the “extended period” language, stating that there is no set period of time to be assigned to those words. I didn’t expect to hear him say “extended period means 6 months”, but questions from house members forced him to talk more about the subject than he felt comfortable with I think.

Below is the excerpt from his prepared remarks detailing asset sales.

If necessary, as a means of applying monetary restraint, the Federal Reserve also has the option of redeeming or selling securities. The redemption or sale of securities would have the effect of reducing the size of the Federal Reserve's balance sheet as well as further reducing the quantity of reserves in the banking system. Restoring the size and composition of the balance sheet to a more normal configuration is a longer-term objective of our policies. In any case, the sequencing of steps and the combination of tools that the Federal Reserve uses as it exits from its currently very accommodative policy stance will depend on economic and financial developments and on our best judgments about how to meet the Federal Reserve's dual mandate of maximum employment and price stability.

In my mind his remarks telegraphed a removal of at least some of the longer-term securities on the Fed’s balance sheet (i.e. MBS, Treasuries and Agency debt), before an actual rate hike. He still maintained that reverse repurchase agreements, where the Fed would essentially lend out their securities for a predetermined amount of time, are still an option but talked more about actual sales more than he has ever before. In my eyes the MBS purchases were even more “emergency” than bringing the funds rate at zero, making it the logical choice to remove first. With that being said, there is no way to really know until they decide to move. Until then I will speculate.


Have a good weekend.

Cliff J. Reynolds Jr., Investment Analyst

Daily Insight: Bernanke shifts market, jobless claims

U.S. stocks rebounded yesterday morning as traders returned to dabble in some riskier assets after a 24-hour respite. The DJ Industrial Average got within 44 point of 11000 and the S&P 500 looked ready to gear up to tackle the pre-Lehman collapse level of 1250 as it moved past the 1175 mark at one point. But the rally was rejected after lunch and the major indices went into freefall in the final hour of trading to completely erase the earlier gains.

Fed Chairman Bernanke, during Congressional testimony officially intended to explain the eventual exit strategy, made it abundantly clear that this discussion in no way signals the Fed is ready to pull back on their extraordinary level of accommodation. In fact, he explicitly stated that the economy continues to require the support of a record low fed funds rate. These statements follow comments from other Fed officials on Monday that also suggested the Fed will remain on hold. Monetary tightening is a ways away and that’s ecstasy to stock traders.

However, that morning rally evaporated as people apparently read Bernanke’s text and noticed a little comment touching on actual sales of mortgage-backed securities when the Fed does begin to withdraw stimulus. What? Actual MBS sales, instead of just letting them pay down? Now, such action would really be a ways down the road, as doing so anytime in the near future would obliterate the housing market – and Bernanke was there to talk about an exit strategy so it shouldn’t be surprising that he brough this topic up. But just as traders find ecstatic delight in ZIRP, they view even the mention of asset sales by the central bank as anathema and this was probably behind the late-session pullback.

The third ugly Treasury auction in a row, this one being the issuance of $32 billion in seven-year notes, may have also played a role in the market’s reversal.

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Brent Vondera, Senior Analyst

Mortgage Apps, Durable Goods Orders, New Home Sales

U.S. stocks pulled back a bit on Wednesday as sovereign debt worries continued after Fitch lowered Portugal’s credit rating, and warned of another to come, and the latest housing market data showed new-home sales slipped to an all-time low, for the second month in a row. An overall positive report on durable goods, although uneven with a number of components showing orders declined, wasn’t enough to offset the negatives.

Nine of the 10 major industry groups lost ground on the day, led by telecoms and consumer staples – strange for a traditional safe-haven like consumer staples to lead the declines on an overall down day for stocks, I don’t get that one. Financials were the only group to close in the black, boosted by Bank of America shares after the bank announced plans to expand in Beijing. I guess traders ignored the news that BofA will have to reduce principal values on more mortgage loans.

Treasury securities got clocked, the yield on the two-year jumped 11 basis points to 1.09% (which is hardly attractive but that’s a large one-day increase) and the 10-year yield soared 14 basis points to 3.83%. Tuesday’s $44 billion two-year auction was met by relatively weak demand, and that was followed by yesterday’s 5-year auction in which Treasury had to pay up in yield as demand was considerably weaker than prior auctions. We’ll see more than $100 billion in monthly government debt issuance until the cows come home, at some point that should cause yields to break through this very low-level range. (More on this below the jump)
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Brent Vondera, Senior Analyst

Tracking Volatility with the VIX Index

Volatility, as measured by the VIX Index, has fallen to 17.5% so far in 2010. Often referred to as a “fear gauge,” the VIX moves up as investors buy bearish options (puts) on the S&P 500 and down when investors sell these options.

The VIX tends to drift between 10 and 20 under normal circumstances, but moved above 80 following the Lehman Brothers bankruptcy in November 2008. Since then, the VIX has returned to more historically normal levels – today it sits at 17.9 compared to the historical average of 20.3 – for several reasons.

For starters, there is a lack of participation in the options markets by institutional investors who are afraid of getting trapped in the event of a quick market movement – a symptom of the scars from the credit crisis. Internal risk management systems are also limiting banks from facilitating options trades as the return of capital trumps the return on it.

And we can’t ignore the influence that vast amounts of liquidity has in driving down volatility while pumping up risky assets such as stocks or corporate bonds. Other policy responses to the crisis have reduced price swings too. For example, the Federal Reserve bought up to $1.25 trillion in mortgage-backed securities (MBS) sold by agencies Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, basically meaning that the Fed is the market for such debt. No surprise such a big buyer would help keep volatility under wraps.

Increased volatility could spell trouble for equities, but don’t become fixated on the VIX in hopes of predicting the market’s future direction. While options activity reflects market participants’ expectations of future market conditions, their outlook and sentiment can change at a moment’s notice.

A widely publicized study released this month by Birinyi Associates showed that the VIX “is a measure of current volatility with little or no predictive or indicative value regarding the course of the market,” but the study does suggest that high volatility may be a contrarian indicator. Birinyi Associates concluded that the contrarian value of low volatility is less clear.

This Wall Street Journal article suggests that the futures contracts on the VIX may be a better gauge for predicting stock market moves. This means that investors should be bullish when the futures are significantly lower than the VIX and bearish when futures are higher. Data from Bloomberg shows that July futures on the VIX are trading at 23.25, August futures at 23.40, and September futures at 23.60 – all considerably higher than the 17.91 level today, but still not what I would consider crisis levels.

What could be pushing futures on the VIX higher?

The Fed’s MBS purchase program ends this month, which could very well allow volatility to pick up again. Other looming concerns such as rising government debt levels or a potential overheating in Chinese markets could also provide impetus for bigger price swings. VIX futures may also be pricing in a pullback in the stock market following the strong run we've had over the past five weeks.

It’s hard to imagine the VIX continues to trend lower, but the pick-up in volatility that futures are predicting is relatively minor and not worth losing sleep over.
Peter Lazaroff, Investment Analyst

Daily Insight

U.S. stocks gained ground for a second-straight session, pushing to a new 17-month high. The broad market hasn’t endured a significant sell-off (which I’ll define as more than a 1% move) in 20 sessions. The market appears to be strangely complacent as just one of the five down days during this 20-session stretch has been to the degree of 0.5% and three have been only fractional losses.

The National Association of Realtors reported that existing home sales came in a bit better-than-expected during February, showing activity fell 0.6% for the month. This followed record declines during the previous two months. Even though the headline figure beat expectations, the inventory data within the report suggested trouble lies ahead for home prices. As a result, stocks moved into negative territory following the report. However, comments from two Fed officials suggested that the central bank was likely to remain extremely accommodative for longer than the market had previously expected and that gave fuel to a rally that began around lunch and accelerated in the final 30 minutes of trading.

Specifically, it was the later of the two speeches, delivered by San Francisco Fed Banks President Janet Yellen, that was likely behind the rally late in the session. She stated: “The economy will be operating well below its potential for several years.” The market hears that and gets juiced that the Fed will keep monetary policy floored for well beyond a six month time frame.

Not surprisingly, commodity-related basic material stocks led the rally – the commodity trade rolls on dovish Fed comments. Industrials and tech were the other leaders. All 10 major sectors gained ground on the session.
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Daily Insight: The Cost of Entitlement

U.S. stocks rallied shortly after the open and held the gains to the close. A rebound in commodity prices, helped by a lower dollar, overshadowed concerns that higher interest rates (India’s monetary tightening) and rising public-sector debt will derail the global recovery.

The rolling concern over European sovereign debt issues that was eminent in pre-market trading didn’t last long. To be specific, the worries lasted exactly 30 minutes into the regular trading session as that’s how long it took for stocks to rebound into positive territory – and for the dollar to give up its early-session rally and turn lower. As we’ve been talking about, the only thing the greenback has going for it right now is fear.

Consumer discretionary, basic material and tech shares led the way. Energy and utility stocks were the only losers out of the major 10 sectors. The price of crude reversed an earlier decline, but the shares didn’t follow suit.

It is interesting to watch consumer discretionary shares rally with oil over $80, pump prices inching closer to $3 (national avg. at $2.82), 10% unemployment and high household debt levels. The index that tracks these shares has doubled over the past year and is just 18% below the all-time high hit in 2007 (for perspective the broad market remains 25% below its peak). Something doesn’t exactly seem rational with this picture, if you ask me. Either job growth is going to come back with a vengeance and justify this move, or…well you know where I’m going with this.
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Brent Vondera, Senior Analyst